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Zone State Port Features Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Chennai Artificial Port Second busiest port Western Coast Kerala Kochi Sited in the Vembanad lake Exports of spices and salts Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Ennore India’s First corporatized port Eastern Coast West Bengal Kolkata India’s only major Riverine port Situated on Hugli river Known as Diamond Harbour Western Coast Gujarat Kandla Known as Tidal Port Acknowledged as Trade Free Zone Largest port by volume of cargo handled. Western Coast Karnataka Mangalore Deals with the iron ore exports Western Coast Goa Mormugao Situated on the estuary of the river Zuari Western Coast Maharashtra Mumbai Port Trust Largest Natural Port and harbour In India The busiest port in India Western Coast Maharashtra Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) also known as Nhava Sheva, Navi Mumbai  Largest Artificial Port It is the Largest Container Port in India. Eastern Coast Odisha Paradip Natural Harbor deals with the export of iron and aluminium Eastern Coast Tami

Foreign portfolio investment has also taken place through EURO issues of Global Depository Receipts and foreign currency convertible bonds (FCCBs), In 1995-1996 upto December the no of Euro issues had declined by 86% compared to the corresponding period of 1994-1995, from 28 to 4 . The amount raised by Euro issues shows a similar decline of 88% from and $1891 millions to $221million. Policy developments: Major policy changes have been effected with a view to ensuring that investment flows are channeled in a manner consistent with overall macro economics requirements. (i) With a considerable improvement in the external payment position and the level of reserves, it was considered recessary to follow a restrictive policy towards FCCBs as they constitute a part of the country's external debt till their conversion into equity. As per the guidelines issued in May 1994 for Euro issues companies were allowed to issue FCCBs only on merits as a part of the external debt restructuring progra

Governments attention has been drawn to a number of companies defaulting in the payment of the interest and sometimes even the principle. But so far neither finance ministry nor the Reserve Bank has ever published the number of such complaints to indicate whether they are on the increase. It is true that regulations have to be framed as regards the quantum of deposits that can be received by companies. But there regulations are no safeguards against a company defaulting and the public cannot look at the government or the RBI for forcing the companies to pay the interest or repay the deposits when due. Thus, large number of companies mobilize deposits at alluring rates of interest and decived the investors by denying payment of interest and the amount of deposit. In this context, the following issues deserve consideration. (i) How far the legislature enacted for regulating and controlling the various aspects of company deposits is adequate and serves the aim of public. (ii) How long wil

The central government announced the companies ammendment rules on March 30, 1978. This rules have resulted in imposing the following curbs on the acceptance of company deposits. (i) With effect from 1st April 1980, the overall limit from public would be 25% of the aggregate of the paid. The amount with which the bank opens in actual cash of value up capital and reserves as reduced by miscellaneous expenses as appearing in the latest audited balance sheet of the company. The amount of accumulated balance of loss, balance of deferred revenue expenditure and other intangible assets shall be deducted from the aggregate of the paid up capital and free reserves. The term accumulated loss should also include amount of unprovided loss should also include amount of unprovided depreciation. Besides, the company can accept deposits from its shareholders upto 10% of the aggregate paid by capital and reserved as reduced by miscellaneous expenses as appearing in its latest audited balance sheet. (i

Deposits with companies have come into predominance in recent years of the more important deposit accepted by the trading and manufacturing companies such deposits have been a traditional source of finance in India. The Indian Central banking enquiry committee in1931 recognised the importance of public deposits in the financing of cotton textile industry in India in general and at Ahmedabad in particular. More recently, since the 3rd plan, the growth of such deposits has been considered. As a result of general credit stringency, companies attempted to raise funds needed by them directly from the public by offering interest rates on deposit placed with them well in excess of rates for deposit of comparable period paid by banks.                   While to the depositor the rate offered is higher than that offered by banks , the cost of deposit to the company is less than the cost of borrowing from banks. Moreover the availability of the volume of bank credit are restricted by considerati

Under the credit monitoring arrangement which has been in operation since October 1988, the bank have been authorised to sanction credit proposals of large borrowers with a requirement that the proposals be submitted to reserve bank for post sanction scrutiny considering the responsibility vested with the banks to purvey need based credit to industrial trade, bank were again advised in Jan 1992, to gear up the organisation and administrative machinery to ensure total compliance in implementing the basic financial discipline.                  The total number of proposals received from post sanction scrutiny under credit monitoring arrangement increased to 2921 as at the end of Dec 1991, from 2135 at the end Dec 1990. The facility wise distribution of total limits at the end of Dec 1991 was 91.4% for WC purposes, 8% for them finances and 0.61 for sale of machinery an deferred payment basis.       Occupation wise distribution of total WC limits in force at Rs 38768 crore at the end of De

(i) Enchancement of borrowers contribution:  In calculating maximum permissible bank finance, the second method of lending as recommended by Tandom committee should be adopted. According to this method, the borrowers contribution from Owned funds and term finance to meet the WC requirement should be atleast 25% of total current assets. Excess borrowing should be treated as WC term loan which could be made payable in half yearly installments within a period not exceeding 5 years. (ii) Compulsory periodic review of cash credit limits and submission of quarterly statements:  There must be compulsory periodic review of cash credit limits atleast once a year to verify the contribution viability of the borrowers and to assess the need based character of credit limits.           All borrowers with WC limits of Rs 50 lakhs must submit quarterly statements compulsorily prescribed under the info system designed by the Tandom committee. (iii) No bifurcation of cash credit into demand loan for cor